AIDS & progres

Although progress has been in treating HIV infection and AIDS, the epidemic remains a critical public health issue in all communities across the country and around the world.Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment remain important aspects of care for people with HIV infections and AIDS.Nurses in all settings encounter people with this disease; thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with HIV infection and AIDS.In 1987, just 6 years after the first cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent; in 1988nthe first randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature; and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents.Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times; in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively.II. BackgroundSince acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection.During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs).The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been b est managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001).A. EpidemiologyIn fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993).All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2002).Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS.As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV.A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact.In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002).The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002).AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV /AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom & Hoffman, 2001).UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever.The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003).III. DiscussionA. SymptomsTreatment of specific manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS in the person with advanced disease targets symptoms. Patients with HIV/AIDS experience a number of symptoms related to the disease as well as the effects of treatment. Som e of the vivid symptoms are as follows:Respiratory Manifestation. Shortness of breath, dyspnea (labored breathing), cough, chest pain, and fever associated with various OIs, such as those caused by Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, CMV, and Legionella species.The most common infection in people with AIDS is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), one of the first OIs described in association with AIDS.PCP. PCP is the most common OIs resulting in an AIDS diagnosis. Without prophylactic therapy, PCP will develop in 80% of all HIV-infected individuals. P. carinii was originally classified as a protozoan; however, studies and analysis of its ribosomal RNA structure suggest that it is a fungus.Its structure and antimicrobial sensitivity are very different from other disease-causing fungi. P. carinii causes disease only in immunocompromised hosts, invading and proliferating within the pulmonary alveoli with resultant consolidation of the pulmonary parenchyma.

David Thomas- The Mind Of A Man Essay

During persuasive writing pieces authors try to make you see their point of view as valid. Often times during this process, their writing is compromised by the errors they make to prove their point. David Thomas makes many errors in his essay â€Å"The Mind of a Man.† In his thesis he tries to prove that women are not smarter than men as previously believed, but instead that they just excel at different tasks. However, throughout his whole essay, he describes that boys are discouraged by female teachers and does not stick to his thesis. He showed a biased point of view that he supported with only anecdotal evidence and studies that contained no numbers or statistics. Also, his use of emotion in his essay showed his anger towards others views that contradicted his. David Thomas takes a biased point of view in his essay. Throughout many parts of the essay he describes the stereotypes about boys, stating their difficulty to learn properly as a result of these stereotypes by often using anecdotal evidence. He describes the lower grades boys were getting than girls on the GCSE exams and makes the assumption, â€Å"The introduction of course work into the GCSE syllabus appears to favor girls, who tend to be diligent and less rebellious,† which has not been proven, or could not be backed up by any sort of statistical or factual information from studies. He makes this statement assuming that the reason must be that girls receive higher grades because the test favored them. He does not take into the consideration that maybe the boys just didn’t do as well for a number of other reasons that has nothing to do with the way the tests were designed. In the essay, he continues to show his biased point of view by quoting Tony Mooney, a secondary school headmaster, who reinforces his point saying boys are less advanced than girls because women teachers favor girls and do not reinforce boys because of their â€Å"aggressive† and â€Å"boisterous† behavior. Thomas adds this quote that has no factual evidence, it is the opinion of a school headmaster, who surely cannot be present everyday in every single class to know everything that’s going on. Thomas quotes Mooney’s son, who showed a difference in his marks when taught by a woman, â€Å"Because the men teachers never shout at me as much as the woman teachers† is another form of anecdotal evidence. This is the feeling of one little boy who cannot be compared to society as a whole (222). Thomas continues to try and prove his point by adding studies without any statistics in them and in turn makes many contradictions to things previously mentioned in his essay. He includes a study done at the University of California in which 72 boys and 60 girls at kindergarten level learned how to read with a machine. When tested, the girls scores were less than the boys scores. Then, when they went back to normal instruction by women teachers, they were tested again later and the boys scored less than the girls. As interesting as these results may be, they do not contain numbers to show how large the difference actually was. The difference could be minimal which could be due to a number of reasons. So, the fact that no statistical evidence was included with the study did not prove to be that convincing (223). Also, in the beginning of the essay, he states that women have been proven to be better at verbal tasks, which would explain the reason why they didn’t do as well with the machines as the teachers. So he contradicts himself entering this study by previously showing why a girl might have done better on these tests (221). Thomas uses a lot of emotion in his essay to prove his point, specifically when he talks about the quote he used from Christine Cosker who seemed to disprove one of his earlier quotes by Mooney. She said, â€Å"If girls achieve higher standards than boys, it is not the result of sympathetic female teachers: it is that boys fail to be motivated because of their attitude to women. Boy’s early experience is almost entirely one of a society which regards women’s traditional roles as trivial, dull and second-rate and dismisses their opinions. If girls have a positive role model in the female teacher, they will do better than boys. But if boys, unencumbered by society’s prejudices, valued their female teachers, then their progress would match that of girls†(223). Obviously Cosker felt strongly about her point and proved an alternative explanation to Mooneys as well as Thomas’ theory of female teachers being the cause of the boys lower grades. Thomas uses sarcasm as well to make his anger known. In reaction to her letter, he states â€Å"Heaven forbid that they [boys] should be given any consideration or compassion. Heaven forbid that the prejudices of the new age should be challenged. If you ever doubted that feminists have taken over from  apoplectic old colonels as the great reactionaries of society, just read this letter†(224). If you read between the lines of his sarcasm, you begin to see just what he is implying. He is implying that she didn’t give boys any compassion or consideration when she was simply stating that if the boys learned to appreciate their teachers more and see them as more of a role model it would work towards their advantage. He continues to attack her different point of view by stating them as a â€Å"feminists† point of view. In his efforts to try to make people take his side and believe his thoughts he just discredits himself because instead of embracing the possibility of other causes he simply knocks them down and states t hat they are just plain and simply wrong. Thomas’ body paragraphs and conclusion were not connected substantially to the main point of his essay. In his thesis, he used a quote from Dr. John Nicholson saying that the IQ scores from men and women were â€Å"indistinguishable† (221), and the only difference is that they were just better at different sort of tasks. Meanwhile, his whole entire essay attacked the fact that female teachers don’t support the boys and that caused their lower grades. So the information he provided did not support his thesis. Also he ends the conclusion with a strange statement that seem to signify a new thesis. His concluding sentence, â€Å"When Yoda sat on his rock in The Empire Strikes Back and told Luke Skywalker that he had to choose between the dark force and the light, he knew what he was talking about† (225), seemed to make little sense and had nothing to do with his essay. In writing his essay, he should’ve considered his audience and that some people who did not see the movie would not understand what he was implying, besides that statement seemed more like an opening line rather than a concluding one. In order for authors to make you see their point of view as valid, they sometimes compromise the strength of their information. David Thomas did many things to compromise his credibility in his essay â€Å"The Mind of a Man.† In Thomas’ essay he had a biased view that he supported with anecdotal evidence. He used studies with no real number or statistics to verify them. His use of emotion in his essay showed his anger towards others views that contradicted his. Also, his body paragraphs and conclusion didn’t seem to be  connected to the initial thesis he stated.

Essay on Social Construction of Race - 748 Words

In society, race clearly affects ones life chances. These are the chances of getting opportunities and gaining experience for progression. The social construction of race is based on privileges and availability of resources. Looking at society and the formation of race in a historical context, whites have always held some sort of delusional belief of a white-skin privilege. This advantage grants whites an advantage in society whether one desires it or not. This notion is often commonly referred to as reality. In order for one to understand how racism has come to be what we know it as today, we must first examine the Constitution of the United States. This document clearly states, We the People of the United States. The†¦show more content†¦As you can see, inequalities have plagued America for hundreds of years and continue to do so. I believe racism to be as apparent today if not more profound then in the past. A large portion of society believes that no man is stil l to this day denied any unalienable rights. I do not believe this statement to be true. We have adopted affirmative action programs and enforced strict equal opportunity employment laws to hinder discrimination. Although I believe it is still a very prevalent issue in todays society. Despite laws, investigations and results show that twenty percent of African Americans interviewing for jobs were turned down due to the color of their skin (Omi and Winant 67-68). Indeed racism may be very subtle in most cases; it is not a thing of the past but rather a very serious problem in society that evolves sociohistorically. There is a direct relationship with slavery in the past and discrimination today. In both cases there is an attempt to oppress a minority group. The oppressing group makes it difficult in many ways for the minority to rise above the harsh treatment towards equality. Just as slaves in the past were uneducated because of the threat to unite and revolt, employers toda y limit minorities for fear of their power within the company. The shift of the meaning of race and how it is socially constructed did notShow MoreRelatedRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlisha Sparks Dr. Stanley POLS 24 November 2015 Race as a Social Construction When we talk about race, what are we really talking about? The issue of race is a complex issue, with socially ambiguous undertones that have plagued our society for decades. Race has been a marker and maker of stereotypes. Race has been used as a justification for injustice. Whether slavery, Japanese internment, or social and economic exclusion, race has given an avenue for those in power to exclude ones deemed ‘other’Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation for what appears to be the social construction of race. Somewhere along the lines, eugenics became more about isolating certain human characteristics, like skin color, and relegating them to a hierarchy of societal importance (Norrgard, 2008). 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Scholars argue that race is a social constructionRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1867 Words   |  8 PagesThere is perhaps no bigger and more expansive social construction known to man than the construction of race. In earlier times race meant a tie to national origin, Greek race, Roman race, etc. race underwent a big change in meaning to it’s more contemporary form to distinguish biological differences of physical features and skin color (Wiegman 157). Film and television in this century and the twentieth century have aided and perpetuated stereotypes of race. These stereotypes have been most associated

Graduation Speech - Original Writing - 1400 Words

November 20th: a lovely cool-weather-ed day, without much worry or fear in the air; the day after my sister, who had been living at college, celebrated her birthday with us at her workplace. Overall, it was a wonderful day. It was nearing the winter holidays, after a long-needed break during the beginning of eighth grade. I was staying after school, playing in the Middle School ‘Jazz Band’, having a great time. Everything ended, and I packed my instrument away. Overall, the band was able to learn, and practice, many new pieces for the upcoming concert. I couldn’t wait to go home, relax, and do homework for the next school day! My grandfather picked me up in his white van, and started towards my house, not too far away from the middle school. We were about halfway to my house, when I noticed a drawer on the sides of the road, which looked extremely similar to the one in my house. I didn’t think much of it. It was just a strange coincidence. My grandfather an d I were approaching my house, and I noticed one of my indoor-cats, named ‘Rocket’, running around outside, on my front lawn, frantically. There must be something going on. My grandfather, driving his van, reached the top of my driveway. I rushed out of his van to notice my front door wide open, with its wooden frame smashed. Something had to happen, and it wasn’t good. I rushed atop of my deck, to further inspect the door, hoping to find out what happened. My grandfather called my grandmother, and the police using ‘911’.Show MoreRelatedGraduation Speech - Original Writing1036 Words   |  5 PagesIn the back seat, intently listening to the words coming through the speakers, what is this I hear? Something so soulful, full of emotion, and life, it s as if I entered into another dimension, floating on a cloud of serenity. This feeling abruptly ended with a goodbye kiss as I prepare to enter the school building. I was enjoying my early morning schedule, learning about simple mathematics, how to get along with my peers, playing at recess, but I couldn t wait to get lost again, leave the earthlyRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing980 Words   |  4 PagesBy the time that Landon and I arrived to his mansion, the party had already started. Crazy, intoxicated teenagers were swaying their hips and doing every provocative move they cou ld think of to the beat of the horrid, meaningless music. Guys were desperately trying to get laid and the girls were loitering around, all over the place, taking photos and slurring their every word. Nothing good ever came out of partying-I could already tell that I was going to regret my actions by tomorrow morningRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing1385 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Natalia! we have to go to this dance! Please!† â€Å"You got money Roxy? because I sure do not!†. â€Å"Well no, but your mom will buy us tickets! Ha-ha!† â€Å"Well that is true, but you are asking her!† â€Å"What why she s your mom!† â€Å"But that s your mom! Lights flashing day and night, cars and taxi’s stuck in the day rush and the night to endure the spotlight, but in North Brooklyn there was to girls, two girls who were friends since 6th grade. They went through many hardships but still always managed to comeRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing898 Words   |  4 PagesAs long as I can remember I ve never been good at writing essays, especially under a time limit. There s just something about the pressure that makes me freeze up and I end up writing barely anything. I’ve struggled with it for the longest time, and I’ve tried to get better, but it’s a challenge for me. It all started in the third grade. I was deskbound in my third grade classroom with my friends, looking at all the decorations on the walls. It was approaching Thanksgiving break, so there wereRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing953 Words   |  4 PagesIt s the minute details that are vital: the small things are what make big things happen. There are certain flashbacks of one’s childhood that stay forever in one’s mind. There is one day in particular that is still fresh in my mind. It was the fall of third grade, and I forgot to pray Shacharit that morning. My evident passion for Tefillah began at a young age. As the realization dawned on me, tears were suddenly streaming down my face. This had never occurred to me before, and I felt nervousRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing992 Words   |  4 Pagesother alumni are in jail, died in the zombie apocalypse a while back, or have been wiped off the face of the earth somehow, I don’t know, I cou ldn’t possibly care any less about those that I went to high school with and that are there after me. Graduation was one of the better days of my young life. If you haven’t figured it out, I was not a fan of high school. They couldn’t pay or beg me enough to teach at any high school here in the county, hence why I am teaching at the middle school level, asRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing943 Words   |  4 Pages It was my 5th grade ceremony at Anthony Burns Elementary School, and I was standing in line to get my certificate. The school’s principal called my name to accept my certificate for â€Å"AB Honor Roll† and â€Å"Excellence in Math.† I was looking into the massive crowd, and my mother, along with my Uncle Chris and Aunt Saundra, were cheering me on with jubilant faces. I remember how intense the moment was, and the overwhelming feeling’s of love i received; I was proud. As I made my way across the stageRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing800 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Wake up,it’s time to go to Tennessee!† my mama exclaimed.I couldn’t believe that this day had come.It felt like I had waited forever for this much needed vacation from the hectic schedule of school. †I need to make sure I have everything.† I yelled.My brother was going,along with some of the church youth group.I was so excited that I could barely think straight.We were gone from September 4-6,which was Labor Day weekend.The reason we were going to Tennessee was to white-water raft.When we got toRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing1036 Words   |  5 Pages It had been a long hot summer, and I was very excited for school to begin, I even found a new backpack on the internet that I wanted to buy, although this never would happen, I was still happy that the summer was almost over. I couldn t wait. Every day of August I had checked the mail. But one day when I saw the mail truck, I sprinted down the driveway, I would ve been hit by a car is one was there. I opened the mailbox, grabbed the mail, and ran back up, well I should say tried. I trippedRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing1311 Words   |  6 PagesSetting my suitcase and bags next to my bed, I glanced around seeing that most of the things I kept here were where I left where I ha don t them two months ago. summer break recently ended and class was scheduled to resume on Monday. It was my last year here at Maxwell College of Arts and I could already tell that this year was going to be stressful. Being 21, almost 22 in September, I was ready to take on life. Ever since I was 15, I knew I wanted to be a singer. I wanted to share my music with

Women s Rights And Equality - 1132 Words

Although women’s rights and equality is progressing in the United States, there are progressing countries trying to achieve their overall gender index rank, which measures the human development of a country. From 2006 to 2014, Egypt s inequality gender gap index rank has increased significantly from 109 to 129 out of 173 countries of the world (Bekhouche, Hausmann, Tyson, Zahidi). During Ancient Egypt, women and men had the same rights to resources such as personal health, work, and education. But today, Egyptian women are suffering from sexual assault and sexual harassment everyday. Sexual assault is a form of a sexual act that the victim does not want and it is forced upon them. Rape, forced vaginal penetration, groping (unwelcome†¦show more content†¦As defined by the World Health Organization, female genital mutilation is a process that alters and causes pain to the female genital organs, usually for non medical reasons. Although this practice is banned and illegal in most countries, this is still happening behind doors in Egypt for traditional reasons. The problem with modern Egypt is that women’s rights have been deteriorated over the decade. Today, sexual harassment has become a â€Å"social norm† in Egypt. It does not matter if the victim is young, old, married, not married, or dressed appropriately because they will become a victim of sexual harassment. Since sexual harassment and assault is being silenced and overlooked around Egypt, it is slowly becoming socially acceptable to do this act. Because of FGM, women cannot control or have a say of what they can do with their own body. It also causes long term effects that will harm their health in the genital area. In order for women and girls to feel safe in Egypt, sexual assault needs to be recognized and laws against it should be appropriately enforced by free resources and help, and fix the streets of Egypt by adding a police force. Also, FGM should not be overlooked because even though there is a law against it in Egypt, it is still happening behind closed doors and creating an unhealthy procedures for girls and women. One of the best solutions to stop sexual harassment and assault is to have resources and help regarding those two

Regulating business by independent commission - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Regulating business by an independent commission. Answer: Introduction Bucks Phyz is a medium sized company that derives an annual turnover of $2.5 million. The issue that has been presented in the question is that being the new accountant of the company the particular operation that has to carried out, is reviewing the sales process of the company based on the key information derived from the staff interviews. The company has undergone a restructuring program within the sales team due to the major changes that took place in the operating environment of the company. The change in the structure of key personnel authorities may also have impacted business (Almeida, KIM, Kim, 2015). The particular impact that has been mentioned in the case study is that the delegated responsibilities in relation to the new tasks have become blurred. Bucks Phyz has also been facing fraudulent behavior in the accounts department. Thus, the current circumstances of the company have been such that the management of the company will not be able to allow any revenue leakage. Th erefore, the internal control that is required by business has been included in this study and the decision of the introduction of the corporate credit cards has been analyzed. The study aims to provide an understanding of the internal controls within an organization and the how these controls effectively aid the smooth execution of the business operations (Sadgrove, 2016). Overview of the sales process The sales process that has been incorporated by business is that the new pricing tools that had been introduced by the sales managers which can effectively calculate the prices of the offers that are send out by the managers. However, the authorization policy has not been strictly adhered to by the managers. This is evident from the opinion of the Head of Sales. The head of sales, Barry has stated in his interview that in spite of the existence of a standardized process in regards to the particular process of the sending offers by the managers to their customers, that standardized process is not strictly adhered to as it has not been mapped yet (Bernstein 2015). The other issue that persists with the sales process is that the standard contract template that is available in the company intranet is not satisfactory in terms of quality. The credit check process can be summarized as checking of the credit worthiness of the customer from the credit rating agencys web site. The credit rati ng being anything other than C results in granting of the credit. However, if the rating is C then a different payment method has to be negotiated (Wen caes et l., 2015). Internal control issues in Bucks Phyz sales process The sales process has been effectively reviewed and a number of weaknesses that is reflected in the business operation of Bucks Phyz have been identified. Sales Process Internal control weakness Impact Recommendation Data entry process Implementation of the new customers into the operative system of the company is handled by Alfred and Joy. The particular area of concern in entering the data related to the new customers is the creation of a pricing template. The review of the customer data that is entered into the price template as it according to the management would be irrational in terms of cost-benefit ratio. Moreover, there is no certain information in regards to whether the access to the ERP system is restricted or not. Even the billing system that is available to the staff does not provide any guidance to the user in terms of the irrelevant fields. The particular impact that lack of review of the pricing template may lead to is that data as crucial as customer information may be wrongly entered into the system hampering the entire process of business and in turn affecting the total revenue. The access to the ERP system should also be restricted. This is because unrestricted access to the ERP may result in fraudulent activities by the alteration of potential customer data. The billing system should also be designed in a particular way that provides enough guidance to the user so that no entry that does not correspond to the particular field is entered as that may hinder the process of effective billing which in turn may impact the revenue incurred by business (Yang, Koo, T. L. 2014). Segregation of duty in reviewing the customer data that is entered into the pricing template will also improve the cost benefit ratio and remove the chances of wrong input of customer data. Thus, other than Alfred and Joy another employee should be trained in the particular data entry process. Moreover, the access to the ERP system should be restricted or controlled and the particular billing software should be updated in order to aid the user New pricing tool The particular new pricing tool that has been implemented in business requires the managers to be properly trained for the efficient utilization of the sales tool. The lack of proper training may result in the wrong calculation of the prices to the offers that are sent out. This may impact business drastically (Cao, Chychyla Stewart, 2015). Proper training in the utilization of the new pricing tool should be provided Authorization Policy The standardized process that has been established by the management in regards to the authorization policy is not mandatorily followed by all the mangers. The Head of Sales even supports this fact as according to him there are times and other constraints that may hinder the process of following the standardized procedure. The non compliance to the standardized process in case of the authorization policy effectively widens the scope for the managers to commit fraudulent activities by sending offers to the customers at prices that are greater than real value of such offers (Goetsch Davis, 2014). A new and modified standardized process should be established and strict adherence to such a process should be ensured in order to avoid fraudulent activities Credit Check Process The credit check process that has been adopted by the company does not have any area of concern. However, it has been accepted by Lucinda that there had been several instances in which the credit checks had been performed on new customers after the sales contract was signed by the both the parties and that the invoices had been issued. Thus, lack of strictly adherence to the credit heck process may result in the huge credit loss by the firm. The particular impact that the avoidance of the credit check process, before signing up a particular customer may be drastic and may lead to potential loss of business (Lam, 2014). The checking of the credit worthiness of a customer should be made mandatory. The system should be designed in such a way that without checking the credit worthiness of a particular customer no deals would be permitted. Employee code The non-existence of a potential employee behavioral code may result in the generation of personal relationships between the employees. For instance, the marriage of the Accounts Receivable manger with the Head of Sales might not be healthy for business. The non-existence of an employee code may result in the growth of personal relationships within the organization that may effectively result in the conflicts of interest that will potentially increase the occurrence of frauds within the organization (Kuratko, Hornsby Covin, 2014). An establishment of a proper employee code may mitigate the occurrence of conflicts of interest thus, lessen the chances of occurrence of fraud in the organization Introduction of corporate credit cards Next, the introduction of the corporate credit cards might be hugely profitable for business provided that the particular transactions executed or the products or services purchased with the corporate credit cards are really needed by business. Moreover, the providence of corporate credit cards increases the risk factor of business by leaps and bounds. The numerous advantages however, provided by these corporate credit cards cover for the risks that the business is exposed to due to this facility. The corporate credit cards will reduce the hassle of transferring the payments by business to the particular account of a supplier. Moreover, the process of reimbursement will be hugely simplified thus, reducing the cost of operations incurred by business (Gallemore Labro, 2015). The specific internal control that should be implemented by Bucks Phyz in order to minimize the impact and occurrence of the risks is that a particular team should be created in order to authorize the transactions before real cash is debited from the business account. The finance department personnel may be delegated with the task of authorizing the transactions that are incurred with the corporate credit cards so that misuse or fraudulent activities are minimized (Doppelt, 2017). The particular recommendation to the CEO in regards to the issuance of the corporate credit cards is that the corporate credit cards should only be issued to those key personnel who are involved with the core processes of business. For instance, the situation in regards to the booking of the training course must be particularly handled by purchasing the course by using the corporate credit card that is allotted to the key human resource personnel after the proper authorization by the finance team. References Almeida, H., KIM, C. S., Kim, H. B. (2015). Internal capital markets in business groups: Evidence from the Asian financial crisis. The Journal of Finance, 70(6), 2539-2586. Bernstein, M. H. (2015). Regulating business by independent commission. Princeton University Press. Cao, M., Chychyla, R., Stewart, T. (2015). Big Data analytics in financial statement audits. Accounting Horizons, 29(2), 423-429. Doppelt, B. (2017). Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Gallemore, J., Labro, E. (2015). The importance of the internal information environment for tax avoidance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 60(1), 149-167. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Harmon, P. (2015). The scope and evolution of business process management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 37-80). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. (2014). Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 57(1), 37-47. Lam, J. (2014). Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Sadgrove, K. (2016). The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Wen, M., Gao, J., Liang, L., Lu, Q. (2015, June). Study on the moderating effect of top management team characteristics on the relationship between equity incentive and internal control quality. In Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 2015 12th International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Yang, M. H., Koo, T. L. (2014). The impact of information technology adoption on internal controls adaptation. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 8(1), 14-33.

Tupac - Impact on Generations free essay sample

When thinking of the Hip-Hop industry, one of the first names that comes to mind is Outpace Shaker. Shaker was born in the Bronx on June 16, 1971. He was reared by his mother Affine Shaker who was an active member of the Black Panthers. Tubas family later relocated to Oakland, California, where he spent much of his time on the street. As a kid, he was always getting himself Into trouble, and he was very lonely. He started writing songs to keep himself out of trouble. An article from VIBE magazine Troubled Times for Outpace Shaker quotes Outpace. L was lonely, I didnt have no big brothers, no big cousins until later. I could remember writing songs. I remember writing poetry. 1 Outpace was talented in the areas of poetry, songwriting and acting from the beginning. He started acting at a young age, and he joined the rap group Digital Underground, performing as a dancer in 1990. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Impact on Generations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In an interview with MET, John Singleton, the writer-director of Boozy in the Hood and Poetic Justice, says that Outpace was a natural born actor; he knew how every role should be played. 2 Top Ejected his music due to the profane language and his gangster lifestyle; however, his fans will always appreciate the awesome quality of his music. His death brought renewed attention to Inner-City violence as well as corruption In the rap music Industry and East Coast /West Coast feuds. It also put a dent In the music world and left a void in the hearts of his family and friends. As time goes on, Tubas music will continue to thrive through radio and album sales, but his legacy will live on through the hearts of everyone whom he touched.